Introduction
Atrial fibrillation is characterized with irregular and rapid beating of atria. It's a kind of supraventricular tachycardia. It is a condition in which the heart rhythm becomes abnormal. It starts with brief episodes of irregular beat, and then over time, the irregular beat becomes longer and constant. This is the most common type of heart arrhythmia. Here the heart rate may increase to 100 to 200 beats per minute.
In a normal heart, the electrical impulses are generated by the SA node (sinoatrial node). This is propagated to the myocardium. Once the myocardium is stimulated, it contracts. This allows the heart to pump out the blood efficiently. In atrial fibrillation patients, the normal electrical impulses from the SA node is interrupted and corrupted by the disorganized impulses originating in the roots of pulmonary veins. This leads to abnormal heart beats.
Atrial fibrillation can be:
- Occasional : Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: symptoms will be in 'come and go' fashion. Lasting for few minutes to hours.
- Persistent : Rhythm will not become normal on its own but can be reversed with medication and therapy.
- Long standing persistent : Continuous and lasts for more than 12 months.
- Permanent : Rhythm can't be restored. Treatment to increase the quality of life is recommended.
Signs & Symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation
Often the onset episodes are asymptomatic. Later as the disease progresses the symptoms become more vivid. Symptoms include:
- Rapid heart rate
- Heart palpitations
- Shortness of breath (while lying flat or sudden onset during night)
- Light headedness
- Dizziness
- Confusion
- Fainting
- Chest pain
- Increased risk for heart failure, dementia and stroke
- Swelling in lower extremities
- Respiratory distress due to congestion of lungs
Causes of Atrial Fibrillation
Mostly certain cardiovascular conditions are the reasons behind atrial fibrillation. Excessive alcohol consumption:
- Tobacco smoking
- Obesity
- Long term endurance exercises like marathon running or long distance bicycling especially in middle aged and elderly people.
- High blood pressure
- Coronary heart disease
- Mitral stenosis due to rheumatic heart disease or mitral valve prolapsed
- Left atrial enlargement
- Previous heart surgery
- Lung diseases like pneumonia, lung cancer, COPD etc.
- Diabetes mellitus
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Viral infections
- Sleep apnea
- Genetic associations
Diagnostic Methods for Atrial Fibrillation
Complete history and physical examination
- Blood tests : kidney function and electrolytes, TSH, blood count etc. should be monitored. Coagulation studies should be done periodically.
- Electrocardiogram : absence of P waves, irregular R - R interval, narrowing of QRS complex etc. may be noted.
- Echocardiography (transthoracic) : significant enlargement of right and left atria.
- Chest X - ray
Atrial Fibrillation - Ayurvedic View
Ayurveda mentions a lot on Hrdroga. Queries on atrial fibrillation are dealt under hrdroga. Vata dominant tridosha dushti paves the way for atrial fibrillation. Treatment modalities and medicines are aimed to reduce the symptoms and increase the health of heart.